Temporary fresh waters, whether seasonal rivers, streams, ponds or microhabitats such as a hollowed tree trunk, exhibit amplitudes in both physical and chemical parameters which are much greater than those found in most water habitats. Organisms that live in these types of habitat have, therefore, to be particularly well adapted to these conditions if they are to survive. Survival often depends on exceptional physiological tolerance or effective immigration and emigration abilities. This text provides examples of animal and plant adaptations applicable to regions through the world and suggestions for practical work for students. The book should be of interest to freshwater ecologists, zoologists and botanists concerned with adaptations to extreme environments.