1. Introduction1.1 Need to develop critical thinking skills .............................................................................xx1.2 Purpose, research questions, and design ............................................................................xx1.3 Definition of key terms ...................................................................................................xx1.4 References ............................................................................................xx2. Challenges with supporting learning in and about complex dynamic systems ....................xx2.1 Structural complexity of CDS and challenges with understanding them ..........................xx2.2 Theories, methods, techniques, and tools for supporting learning in and about CDS ......xx2.2.1 Instructional design theories for supporting learning in and about CDS ...............xx2.2.2 Instructional methods for supporting learning in and about CDS ............................xx2.2.3 Instructional techniques for supporting learning in and about CDS ........................xx2.2.4 Instructional tools for supporting learning in and about CDS ..................................xx2.3 References .........................................................................................................................xx3. Theoretical framework ..............................................................................xx3.1 Theoretical framework for designing personalized and adaptive OILE ............................xx3.2 The Mr. Wang Bicycle Repair Shop OILE .......................................................................xx3.3 Item and scaffolding feedback design for the Mr. Wang OILE ........................................xx3.3.1 Item design for the Mr. Wang OILE ........................................................................xx3.3.2 Scaffolding feedback design for the Mr. Wang OILE ..............................................xx3.4 References .......................................................................................xx4. Assessing the design framework ..................................................................xx4.1 Research method ....................................................................................xx4.2 Sampling and study participants ...................................................................xx4.3 Data collection........................................................................................xx4.4 Result .................................................................................................xx4.4.1 Study I: Survey study ...............................................................................................xx4.4.2 Study II: First stage impact study .............................................................................xx4.4.3 Study III: Second stage impact study .......................................................................xx4.5 References .......................................................................................xx5. Discussion: Lessons for practice ...................................................................xx5.1 Practical implication ..........................................................................................................xx5.2 Theoretical implication ......................................................................................................xx5.3 Methodological implication ...............................................................................................xx5.4 Summary of key instructional design principles .........................
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