Part 1: Theory.- Chapter 1. The Main Challenges in Pediatric Ethics from Around the Globe.- Chapter 2. A Developmental Perspective on Pediatric Decision-Making Capacity.- Chapter 3. The Child's Right to an Open Future: Philosophical Foundations and Bioethical Applications.- Chapter 4. The Best Interest Standard and Its Rivals: The Debate About Ethical Decision-Making Standards in Pediatrics.- Chapter 5. Two Ethical Foundations for Pediatrics: The United Nations' Convention on the Rights of the Child and Bioethical Principles.- Chapter 6. A Contextual Architecture of Praxis in Pediatric Case Consultation.- Part 2: Practice.- Chapter 7. Parental Permission, Childhood Assent, and Shared Decision-Making.- Chapter 8. Telling the Child: Ethics of the Involvement of Minors in Health Care Decision-Making and in Considering Parental Requests to Withhold Information from their Child.- Chapter 9. Parental Refusal of Beneficial Treatments for Children: Ethical Considerations and the Clinician's Response.- Chapter 10. Caring for Adolescents: Unique Ethical Considerations.- Chapter 11. Demands for Harmful Treatments in Pediatrics and the Challenge of Reasonable Pluralism: a Quasi-Clinical Ethics Consultation.- Chapter 12. Family or Community Belief, Culture, and Religion: Implications for Health Care.- Chapter 13. Children Requiring Emergency Health Care.- Chapter 14. Ethical Issues and Considerations for Children with Critical Care Needs.- Chapter 15. End of Life: Resuscitation, Fluids and Feeding, and 'Palliative Sedation'.- Chapter 16. Medical Futility in Pediatrics: Goal-Dissonance and Proportionality.- Chapter 17. Newborns with Severe Disability or Impairment.- Chapter 18. Neonatal Euthanasia and The Groningen Protocol.- Chapter 19. Genetic Testing and Screening of Children.- Chapter 20. Enhancement Technologies and Children.- Chapter 21. Predicting Childhood Neurologic Impairments: Preparing for or Prejudicing the Future?.- Chapter 22. Ethics of Pediatric Gender Management.- Chapter 23. The Child with Cancer: Blurring the Lines between Research and Treatment.- Chapter 24. Reproductive Controversies: Fertility Preservation.- Chapter 25. The Ethical Principles that Guide Artificial Intelligence Utilization in Clinical Health Care.- Chapter 26. When Should Society Override Parental Decisions? A Proposed Test to Mediate Refusals of Beneficial Treatments and of Life-Saving Treatments for Children.- Chapter 27. Vaccine Ethics: Ethical Considerations in Childhood Vaccination.- Chapter 28. Society's Obligations to Children.- Chapter 29. Pediatric Resource Allocation, Triage, and Rationing Decisions in Public Health Emergencies and Disasters: How do we fairly meet health needs?.