With this explosive analysis, Ira Katznelson fundamentally recast our understanding of twentieth century American history, demonstrating that the key programs passed during the New Deal and Fair Deal eras were not, as we are so often told, fundamentally equitable or impartial, but discriminatory in the way they deliberately excluded African Americans from benefits. In fact, Katznelson writes, the gap between black and white Americans actually widened following this period, owing in no small part to the segregationist design of southern Democrats. Now featuring a new introduction that situates this saga within the wider context of twentieth- and twenty-first century history, When Affirmative Action Was White remains, tragically, as salient as ever, providing both a "painful understanding of how politics and race intersect" (Henry Louis Gates Jr.) and a broad justification for continuing affirmative action programs.