The American internal war of 1861-65 was not civil. Those fighting for the Union called it the "War of the Rebellion" while the Confederacy viewed it as the "War of Yankee Aggression" or the "Second War of Independence".

Armies fought great, sweeping battles over vast distances and are well recorded Antietam, Shiloh, Fredericksburg, Gettysburg but in the seams of the battlefield another, and much less known or publicised war raged. Both the Union and the Confederacy employed small forces of bold and highly motivated soldiers for special operations behind enemy lines.

Skilled in infiltration sometimes disguising themselves as rural mail carriers these warriors deftly scouted deep into enemy territory, captured important personnel, disrupted lines of communication and logistics, and sowed confusion and fear. Often wearing the uniform of the enemy, they faced execution as spies if captured. Despite these risks, and in part because of them, these warriors fought and died as American rangers.