This offers the first in-depth treatment of Jewish images of and behavior toward Blacks during the peak Jewish involvement in Atlantic slave-holding. Based on a wide-range of sources in several languages, it addresses some basic scholarly questions: What do primary sources tell us about relations between early modern Blacks and Jews? What do Jewish sources convey about Blacks? If Jews lived according to Jewish law, did Jewish behavior toward their slaves take shape under its influence? What does the Jewish legal tradition say about slavery and behavior toward slaves? Is there a connection between Jewish textual attitudes toward Blacks and Jewish behavior toward them? If so, how do the two inform one another? This book constructs a cultural and social portrait of Jews living between 1450 and 1800 by placing them amid a larger socio-economic context, one from which Jews differed little, their religious Otherness notwithstanding.