The Galilean Academy of Sciences, Letters and Arts in Padova (Accademia Galileiana di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti) was founded in 1599 by a group of distinguished scholars and noblemen, with the name of Accademia dei Ricovrati. Among the founders, Galileo Galilei helped to design the first logo. To celebrate its 400th anniversary, the Academy has promoted a series of initiatives focussed on the far-reaching intentions of its founders, namely to achieve a truly interdisciplinary dissemination of knowledge. The Conference on the Earth-Moon relationships was one of these initiatives. It brought together a number of distinguished scientists from different fields - such as astronomy, celestial mechanics, chemistry, geology, medicine, natural sciences - but also scholars of literature and art, to discuss these relationships, their origins and their influence on human activities and beliefs.