Jewish identity is not only a question of legal status, it is about the experience of being Jewish or of "Jewishness" in all its social and cultural dimensions. This work describes this experience as it emerges in Talmudic and Midrashic sources. Besides the question: "who is a Jew?", topics include the contrast between Israel and the non-Jews, the physical embodiment of Jewish identity, the "boundaries" of Israel and resistance to assimilation. Jewish identity, it is argued, hinges essentially on the Divine commandments (mitzvot) and on Israel's perceived proximity to the Divine. Drawing on a variety of disciplines, including the theories of William James and Merleau-Ponty, this study raises issues in anthropology, as well as accounting for central aspects of early Rabbinic Judaism.