In this second volume the author unveils his own controversial theory, which abandons the metaphysics of Immanuel Kant for the naturalistic approach to mortality of David Hume. According to this viewpoint, a fairness norm is a convention that evolved to co-ordinate behaviour on an equalibrium of a society's Game of Life. This approach allows the author to mount an evolutionary defence of Rawls' original position that escapes the utilitarian conclusions that follow when orthodox reasoning is applied with the traditional assumptions. Using ideas borrowed from the theory of bargaining and repeat games, the author is led instead to a form of egalitarianism that vindicates the intuitions that led Rawls to write his "Theory of Justice". Written for an interdisciplinary audience, the book aims to offer a panoramic tour through a range of insights that game theory brings to anthropology, biology, economics, philosophy and psychology.