This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-conference proceedings of the 5th International ICST Conference on Bio-Inspired Models of Network, Information, and Computing Systems (BIONETICS 2010) which was held in Boston, USA, in December 2010. The 78 revised full papers were carefully reviewed and selected from numerous submissions for inclusion in the proceedings. BIONETICS 2010 aimed to provide the understanding of the fundamental principles and design strategies in biological systems and leverage those understandings to build bio-inspired systems.