1.Natural History of Aortic Valve Stenosis.- 2. Cardiovascular Risk Factors for Calcific Aortic Valve Disease.- 3.Bicuspid Aortic Valve Disease: From Bench to Bedside.- 4.Experimental Evidence for the Role of Atherosclerosis in Calcific Aortic Valve Disease.- 5.The Electrocardiogram as a Risk Predictor in Asymptomatic Aortic Stenosis.- 6.Exercise Testing in Aortic Stenosis and in Mitral Regurgitation.- 7. Detection of Calcium in the Aortic Valve by Non- Invasive Imaging.- 8.Assessment of Aortic Stenosis Severity: Determining Timing to Surgery.- 9.Balloon Aortic Valvuloplasty.- 10.Imaging for TAVI.- 11.Transcutaneous Aortic Valve Implantation.- 12.Role of statins in valvular heart disease: Rheumatic valve disease and bioprosthetic valves.- 13.Slowing the Progression of Aortic Stenosis - The Emerging Role of Bisphosphonates.- 14.LDL-Density-Theory: Implications for Future Clinical Trials.- 15.Infective Endocarditis: New Recommendations and Perspectives.- 16.Assessment and Timing to Intervention of Mitral Regurgitation.- 17. Biology of Mitral Valve Disease.- 18.Mitral Valve Devices.- 19.Anatomy and Pathology of Right-sided atrioventricular and semilunal valves.- 20.Mechanisms, Evaluation and Management of Tricuspid Regurgitati