A theoretical perspective on democratic evolution and consolidation in the late 20th century. Rejecting theories that posit preconditions for democracy - and thus dismiss its prospects in poor countries - political sociologist Larry Diamond argues instead for a "developmental" theory of democracy. This, he explains, is one which views democracy everywhere as a work in progress that emerges piecemeal, at different rates, in different ways and forms, in different countries. Diamond begins by assessing the "third wave" of global democratization that began in 1974. With quantitative data and case illustrations, he shows that the third wave has come to an end, leaving a growing gap between the electoral form and the liberal substance of democracy. This underscores the hollow, fragile state of many democracies and the imperative of consolidation. He then defines the concept of democratic consolidation and identifies the conditions that foster it. If new and troubled democracies are to be consolidated, Diamond argues, they must become more deeply democratic - more liberal, accountable, and responsive to their citizens.
Drawing on public opinion research in developing and post-communist states, he demonstrates the importance of freedom, transparency, and the rule of law for generating the broad legitimacy that is the essence of democratic consolidation. The book concludes with a hopeful view of the prospects for a fourth wave of global democratization.