Graphene has drawn considerable scientific and commercial interest thanks to its unique structure, including being single-atom thick, strictly two-dimensional and highly conjugated, which results in some superb electric, optical, mechanical and thermal properties. In this book the authors present current research in the application of graphene in sensing technology; the adsorption of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions by graphene modified with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide; graphene-non-noble metal hybrid nanomaterials as advanced electrocatalysts; the application of graphene in mass spectrometry; the incorporation of graphene into direct-patternable transparent conducting oxide thin films; graphene and related nanomaterials for environmental remediation; and configurations of structural defects in graphene and their effects on its transport properties.