Summary............................................................................................................................. 3

Acronyms............................................................................................................................ 4

Contents.............................................................................................................................. 5

Chapter 1: Background and context........................................................................... 8

1. Towards a more sustainable private transportation system ........................... 8

2. The risk of problem shifting ............................................................................. 10

3. Complex systems require tools and methodologies ..................................... 11

References......................................................................................................................... 15

Chapter 2: LCE and electromobility........................................................................ 18

5. Environmental sustainability and Life Cycle Engineering........................... 18

5.1. Environmental Impacts of products.............................................................. 20

5.2. Life Cycle Assessment.................................................................................... 22

5.3. Life Cycle Engineering .................................................................................. 26

Definitions and scope...................................................................................... 26

Methods and Tools for LCE........................................................................... 27

LCA- based methods and tools for LCE...................................................... 29

2. Technical aspects of electric vehicles and lithium-ion traction batteries.. 32

2.1. Electric vehicles: definitions and classification.......................................... 32

2.2. Electric vehicle energy demand..................................................................... 35

2.3. Electric vehicle main components................................................................. 39

2.4. Lithium-ion traction batteries......................................................................... 42

Working principles and main cell components.......................................... 42

Battery design and manufacturing................................................................ 47

Battery degradation......................................................................................... 52

Battery Recycling....................................................................