If children with learning difficulties are to be taught effectively and if valuable resources are to be used efficiently, accurate observation and exact responses to the needs of the pupils are essential. This work aims to help professionals raise standards by applying the principles of systematic and rigorous observation to their own practice; suggests approaches, methods and techniques and provides examples of effective observation in a range of school contexts; and demonstrates how skills of observation are valuable not only as an aid to effective teaching and learning but also as an essential tool in personal and professional development, curriculum evaluation and school improvement.