Part 1: Materials.- Chapter 1. Introduction - Overview on Plastic and Inorganic Scintillators.- Chapter 2. Neutron/Gamma Pulse Shape Discrimination in Plastics Scintillators: From Development to Commercialization.- Chapter 3. The Detection of Slow Neutrons.- Chapter 4. Chemical Approach on Organometallic Loading in Plastic Scintillators and its Applications.- Chapter 5. Polysiloxane-based Scintillators.- Chapter 6. Composite Scintillators.- Chapter 7. Molecular Design Considerations for Different Classes of Organic Scintillators.- 8. Organic Glass Scintillators.- Part 2: Applications.- Chapter 9. Optical Improvements of Plastic Scintillators by Nanophotonics.- Chapter 10. Analogue and Digital Signal Processing for Real-Time Nuclear and Radiological Applications.- Chapter 11. Radioactive Noble Gas Detection and Measurement with Plastic Scintillators.- 12. Recent Advances and Clinical Applications of Plastic Scintillators in the Field of Radiation Therapy.- 13. Plastic Scintillators in Environmental Analysis.- Chapter 14. Use of Scintillators to Study the Earth from Ground to the Radiation Belts.- Chapter 15. Plastic Scintillator Detectors for Particle Physics.