China's rapid development in high-tech innovation, including high-speed rail, mobile internet applications, artificial intelligence, etc., has attracted worldwide attention and has even become one of the reasons behind the trade tensions between China and the United States. The fundamental reason for these achievements is the relentless promotion of China's science and technology innovation system over the past 40 years in the context of reform and opening up. The authors of this book are among the most renowned experts and scholars in the field of China's domestic science and technology innovation. Most of them have personally experienced and researched the 40 years of China's reform and opening up, allowing them to combine the calm analysis of scholars with the subtle insights of practitioners, thus providing the most comprehensive and systematic reflection on the great practices in China's science and technology innovation field over the past 40 years.