1. The Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis Genotoxin Sensitivity Assay

Franziska Ferk, Miroslav Misík, Halh Al-Serori, Armen Nersesyan, Georg Wultsch, and Siegfried Knasmueller

2. Skin Sensitization Tests: The LLNA and the RhE IL-18 Potency Assay

Emanuela Corsini, Sue Gibbs, Erwin Roggen, Ian Kimber, and David A. Basketter

3. Skin Equivalent Models: Protocols for In Vitro Reconstruction for Dermal Toxicity Evaluation

Tatiana do Nascimento Pedrosa, Carolina Motter Catarino, Paula Comune Pennacchi, Silvia Berlanga de Moraes Barros, and Silvya Stuchi Maria-Engler

4. Intravital Microscopy: A Tool to Investigate the Toxicity in the Immune System, Vessel Rheology, and Xenobiotic Distribution

Cristina Bichels Hebeda, Éric Diego Barioni, and Sandra Helena Poliselli Farsky

5. Cell-Based Biosensor to Visualize Nitric Oxide Release from Living Cells for Toxicity Assessment

Moritoshi Sato and Yoshio Umezawa

6. In Vitro Contraction of Isolated Cauda Epididymal Duct Smooth Muscle as a Complimentary Approach to Physiological, Pathological, Toxicological, and Pharmacological Studies on Epididymal Function

Cibele S. Borges, Luiz Ricardo A. Kiguti, André S. Pupo, and Wilma G. Kempinas

7. Early Life Stage Assays in Zebrafish

Flavia Renata Abe, Klaus Alvaro Guerrieri Accoroni, Carlos Gravato, and Danielle Palma de Oliveira

8. Assessment of Urothelial Cytotoxicity at Morphological and Molecular Levels: Urinary Bladder as Target Organ

Thania Rios Rossi Lima, Bianca Camargo Penteado Sales, and Shadia Muhammad Ihlaseh Catalano

9. Evaluation of Development of the Rat Uterus as a Toxicity Biomarker

Marlise Guerrero Schimpf, María M. Milesi, Enrique H. Luque, and Jorgelina Varayoud

10. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) Activity in Embryos of Zebrafish

Carlos Gravato, Flávia R. Abe, Danielle P. Oliveira, Amadeu M.V.M. Soares, and Inês Domingues

11. Ecotoxicity Assays Using Freshwater Planarians

João Luís Teixeira Pestana and Pearl Ugochi Ofoegbu

12. Toxicogenomic Analysis

Taisa Magnani Dinamarco, Paula Fagundes de Gouvêa, Emerson de Souza Santos, and Lucas Oliveira Sousa

13. Strategy Combining Non-Animal Methods for Ocular Toxicity Evaluation

Marize Campos Valadares, Gisele Augusto Rodrigues de Oliveira, Renato Ivan de Ávila, and Artur Christian Garcia da Silva

14. Immunocytochemistry Analysis of HepG2 Cell 3D Culture Encapsulated as Spheroids in Alginate Beads

15. Oxygen Consumption