Let me be clear at the beginning – when I say crewed spacecraft. I mean spacecraft with humans aboard. Young, or old, male or female, space travel is an equal opportunity hazardous endeavor. As of this writing, three spacefaring nations have put 559 humans into space, the Soviet Union/Russia, the United States, and China. Numerous astronauts from many other nations have hitched a ride. We are going to discuss historical, ongoing, and future efforts of getting people to space. We will mention in passing Space Stations in orbit, but that is a big topic, and will be covered in a companion volume. Space suits will be covered in a companion volume as well.