This book discusses the mutual interactions between neurons and other types of cells during neurological and immunological processes within the Central Nervous System (CNS) for understanding the pathophysiology of various neurological diseases and advancing the diagnosis, prevention, and intervention. It also addresses the immune function of both glial cells and neurons, and the roles they play in regulating inflammatory processes and maintaining homeostasis of the CNS. This book also examines the role of the neuro-immune axis and its targetability in relation to major depression and autism spectrum disorder and reviews the role of nanotechnology in modulating the neuroimmune axis. Further, the book discusses the specific arms of the peripheral immune system and other types of immune responses in modulating neurodegenerative disorders. It also reviews the role of cytokines in neurodegeneration, mechanisms of expression and action, and clinical relevance. Lastly, the book reviews thedrug repurposing strategy to search for new therapeutic options against neurodegenerative diseases. This book as such is invaluable for students, researchers, and scientists of neurosciences, pharmaceutic sciences, and immunology.