This book features a collection of reviews focusing on interrelated topics in nanophotonics, nanotechnology, nano-optics, and near-field optics written by some of the world's leading scientists in these fields. This book discusses recent developments both fabrication and applications of nanomaterials with sub-nanometer scale. Additionally, it reviews selected topics in the areas of THz nanoscopy and ultrafast spectroscopy of nanomaterials. This book also reviews recent advances in low-threshold silicon Raman lasers based on high-Q photonic crystal nanocavities. Finally, this book reviews artificial structural colours, emphasising both physical effects and fabrication issues.