The different peoples making up Sudan have a long history of ethnic conflict. There has been civil war between the north and the south, as well as conflict among the various ethnic communities and nomadic groups living within these regions. Readers examine the civil unrest that has divided the country for decades, as well as the rebellion and massacres of the Darfur region. Factors contributing to the area's ongoing conflicts, including clashes over oil, water, land, and human rights, are also explored. In addition, future prospects for Sudan and the new Republic of South Sudan, which seceded in July 2011, are discussed.