The history of Christianity in Rome begins at a time when the city was the heart of the vast Roman Empire. Situated at the crossroads of the Mediterranean world, Rome was a cosmopolitan city that hosted diverse cultures, religious practices, and philosophies. It was a time of intellectual ferment, political intrigue, and social stratification, yet it was also an era that laid the foundations for one of the most influential religious institutions in human history—the Catholic Church. Christianity emerged in the midst of this dynamic environment, initially as a small, sectarian movement within Judaism, but eventually transforming into a major force that would challenge the very fabric of Roman political and cultural identity.

The first recorded presence of Christianity in Rome is traced back to the first century AD, though the precise origins remain shrouded in some mystery. The Acts of the Apostles, the primary biblical source for early Christian history, briefly mentions the arrival of Christian missionaries in Rome. According to Acts 28:15, the Apostle Paul arrived in Rome in 60 AD after being arrested in Jerusalem and eventually appealed to Caesar to hear his case. The text mentions that the Christian community in Rome, albeit small, was already well established by the time of Paul's arrival. Paul's letters to various Christian communities (especially his epistle to the Romans) give us glimpses of the nascent Church's theological and ethical foundations.