Emissive 5-Substituted Uridine Analogues.- Fluorescent purine nucleosides and their applications.- Thiazole orange-tethered nucleic acids and ECHO probes for fluorometric detection of nucleic acids.- Synthetic wavelength-shifting fluorescent probes of nucleic acids.- DNA Assisted Multichromophore Assembly.- Polymerase Synthesis of Base-Modified DNA.- Photo-cross-linking Reaction in Nucleic Acids - Chemistry and Applications.- Site-Directed Spin Labeling for EPR Studies of Nucleic Acids.- Non-Covalent Modification of Double Stranded DNA at the Mismatch and Bulged Site.- 2',4'-Bridged Nucleic Acids for Targeting Double-Stranded DNA.- Specific Recognition of Single Nucleotide by Alkylating Oligonucleotides and Sensing of 8-oxoguanine.- Genetic alphabet expansion by unnatural base pair creation and its application to high affinity DNA aptamers.