This book serves as a textbook for undergraduate and graduate courses on petroleum refining and production technologies. The book explains in step-by-step detail all aspects of petroleum and crude oil operations, i.e., production, transportation, characteristics of crude oil, distillation, refining, petroleum products and their quality control and testing, physical and conversion processes, petrochemical products, corrosion control, environmental pollution, and design and operation of petroleum processing equipment. The book is written in an easy-to-understand manner and includes illustrations. It covers specification of petroleum products along with ASTM standards. The book also offers a rich pedagogical makeup with summaries, case studies, and example problems and solutions. The book can also be used for professional training programs targeted at the petroleum and crude oil industry.